Economista statunitense (Baltimora 1914 - Cambridge, Mass., 2003), prof. nelle univ. Columbia (dal 1946) e Harvard (dal 1956). Si è occupato in particolare di problemi sovietici e di economia del benessere: A reformulation of certain aspects of welfare economics (1938), Structure of soviet wages (1944), Socialist economics (1948), Soviet national income and products in 1937 (1953), The national income of Soviet Russia since 1928 (1961), The economics of Soviet planning (1964), Essays in normative economics (1966), Productivity and the social system. The USSR and the West (1978).